An experimental study of fog and cloud computing in CEP-based Real-Time IoT applications Full Text

Cloud security posture management solutions can automate the discovery of vulnerabilities. A mobile app can use the cloud-IoT synergy for deriving large-scale actionable insights, quickly and at scale. As a result, companies can seamlessly implement large-scale IoT initiatives. Beyond leaking personal data, IoT poses a risk to critical infrastructure, including electricity, transportation and inancial services. The internet of things connects billions of devices to the internet and involves the use of billions of data points, all of which need to be secured. Due to its expanded attack surface, IoT security and IoT privacy are cited as major concerns.

• Now, you can be on the “edge” of processes, and access data from many areas within your network, respond faster to downtime and predict when errors may occur.
• Therefore, these continuous communications between large amounts of heterogeneous objects characterize IoT as a disruptive technology that permits ubiquitous and pervasive computing platforms .
• These are definitely a lot of connections, creating a massive IoT network between people-people, things-things and people-things.
• Personal Area Networks , that interconnect all the information extraction devices (i.e., the sensors).
• There are numerous real-world applications of the internet of things, ranging from consumer IoT and enterprise IoT to manufacturing and industrial IoT .

Moreover, it helps in achieving efficient and accurate IoT-based applications. Since 2004, Nick McKenna, BSc, MBCS Biography has been the CEO of McKenna Consultants. McKenna Consultants is a bespoke software development based in North Yorkshire, specialising in Cloud development, mobile App development, progressive web App development, systems integration and the Internet of Things development.

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In (Nguyen, Astaloš, & Hluchý, 2016) authors refer IoT as the domain of devices linked to the Internet, by means of which the enormous amount of data is endlessly acquired, assembled and controlled. Therefore, these continuous communications between large amounts of heterogeneous objects characterize IoT as a disruptive technology that permits ubiquitous and pervasive computing platforms . Methods such as big data and data mining can be used to improve the efficiency of IoT and storage challenges of a large data volume and the transmission, analysis, and processing of the data volume on the IoT. Big Data Analytics delivers data management solutions in the cloud architecture for storing, analyzing and processing a huge volume of data. Therefore, the fog computing architecture derives from the cloud computing architecture as an extension in which certain applications and data processing are performed at the edge of the network before being sent to the Cloud server .

The penetration for smart devices is sky-rocketing, creating a perfect base for exponential growth for the IoT. It is estimated that by 2020, there will be almost 26 billion interconnected devices . As per latest statistics, IoT offer $8 trillion worth of economic opportunity. According to CBInsight, IoT companies attracted over $1billion in 2013 in venture capital, which is 11% increase from the previous year. Purchase of Nest Labs by Google and Body Media by Jawbone has further accelerated the IoT buzz.

A basic Android application has been developed in order to receive the alarms from CEP-Broker. As noted above, all the components have been deployed at different locations in Lima and are interconnected through the public Internet. In this section, the data flow for both cloud and fog architectures will be described and the process of the latency analysed, after briefly introducing the application considered as a case study. Still, these devices often have minimal computing resources and are incapable of handling workloads like machine learning, AI and video analytics. For example, at NCD, we have created an IoT SDI Soil Moisture temperature EC Transmitter that uses a wireless mesh networking architecture with an SDI soil probe. The probe samples soil moisture temperature EC level in multiple locations and sends a wireless transmission to remote modems and gateways.

Let’s understand, what is the internet of things, Internet Cloud Services includes IoT which is viewed as those set of technologies which have no clear, single definition. The interdependent relation between IoT and Big Data means that as IoT continues to grow rapidly, there is increased pressure on traditional data storage leading to more innovative Big Data solutions. Therefore, we will see companies forced to upgrade their technologies and systems to align with this growing demand. Thus, the role of cloud computing in IoT is to work together to store IoT data, providing easy access when needed. It’s important to note that cloud computing is an easy way to move large data packets across the Internet generated by the IoT.

Is cloud computing necessary for IoT?

Organizations not ready for this kind of data could be overwhelmed by its velocity and volume. As it represents various information categories that might have not been included in the earlier fog vs cloud computing design, it also necessitates a little re-architecting of data models. IoT Analytics, global business Internet of Things expenditure reached $128.9 billion in 2020, up 12.1% from 2019.

IoT-based businesses are encouraged to migrate to the cloud with significantly reduced upfront costs and a flexible pricing model based on usage. With this business model, expenses are simpler to estimate, and you won’t have to worry about equipment failures, which may result in significant additional costs and economic losses with internal Internet of Things systems. Similar to that, cloud systems are continuously audited so that the cloud providers can give clients easy access to performance and security data. Businesses can guarantee optimal performance and security across thousands of IoT devices, thanks to this data access.

A more comprehensive range of sensors, configurations, network technologies, software platforms and protocols will all add to a developer’s nightmare. The Internet of Things is the network of physical objects embedded with sensors and other connectivity technologies connecting and exchanging data with other systems and devices through the Internet. Development of intuitive mobile, web and desktop applications for monitoring/managing the connected devices. Attackers gained access to the network by exploiting poorly secured IoT devices. Arm Mbed IoT is a platform to develop apps for IoT based on Arm microcontrollers. The goal of the Arm Mbed IoT platform is to provide a scalable, connected and secure environment for IoT devices by integrating Mbed tools and services.

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However, there are crucial differences between them, making each of them an effective technical solution separately and together. For example, Big Data gathers data from human behaviour to create predictions or unearth behaviour patterns. In contrast, IoT’s data is machine-generated to produce optimal performance in machines or determine predictive maintenance. Cloud is a centralized system helping to transfer and deliver data and files to data centers over the Internet.

These are definitely a lot of connections, creating a massive IoT network between people-people, things-things and people-things. Several open standard projects are supported by free open source software and hence this combination works quite well. Giant technologies can further build on the open projects, encouraging widespread use and adaptation. Enterprises use cloud computing services and IoT solutions to stay relevant and become more competitive. Jeff Weiner, the former CEO of Linkedin, said the cloud empowers modern companies to have access to the best innovation infrastructure. Many enterprises maintain their own on-premises cloud platform for security and faster data access.

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As a summary, we can observe that the assignment of tasks and work to the edge level with CEP and Broker brings with them a distribution of work assigned to the Fog Nodes while the core level has a much lower load. On the one hand, in the case of fog computing (see Fig.5a), we can see that the edge level will perform all the data processing while the core level will only work for the storage of the information. More deeply, in every Fog Node of the edge level a CEP and Broker are deployed for the Local Events generation.

Rather than that, focus will be put on those elements that are key in our proposed architecture. CEP is a technology that allows to ingest, analyze and correlate a large amount of heterogeneous data with the aim of detecting relevant situations in a particular domain . In the context of this paper, CEP performs tasks related to the fusion of data processing collected by the sensor nodes to generate complex events or alarmsFootnote 1. The main result of the process is to notify interested parties of patterns derived from the analysis of lower level events .

With so many devices connected to the Internet nowadays, there is an increasing opportunity to collect large amounts of data from these sources and analyze it effectively using various applications. Since the 4G telephony network has stable results and good latency performance, this will be the network used to send alarms to Final User in the remaining experiments. In addition, and as we will see in this section, this latency study should be extended so that we can compare if latency is reduced with the generation of Local Events , rather than Global Events . Equation 1 has been used to calculate total latency (see “Latency analysis” section). Keep in mind that the study focuses on seeing the impact of deriving computing resources to the Fog Nodes. Keep in mind that the Broker and CEP located in Fog Nodes are named as Local CEP and Broker; and those in the Cloud as Global CEP and Broker.

Cloud Computing and IoT for Intelligent Applications

IaaS is an option providing companies with storage, servers, networks and hubs processing data for each use. The cloud contains everything you need to build and deliver cloud applications so there is no need https://globalcloudteam.com/ to maintain and buy equipment, software, etc. It is important to note that cloud architecture must be well-designed since reliability, security, economy, and performance optimization depends upon it.

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Businesses use the cloud and IoT to analyze big data to reveal patterns, trends, and associations. Cloud computing allows IoT devices to record, capture, process, analyze, and store data at a massive scale. IoT evolved from M2M communication, i.e., machines connecting to each other via a network without human interaction. M2M refers to connecting a device to the cloud, managing it and collecting data. Although Ashton’s was the first mention of the internet of things, the idea of connected devices has been around since the 1970s, under the monikers embedded internet and pervasive computing.

Security Threats facing IOT and Cloud Computing

A company can buy a new or updated package on a cloud to increase its data storage capabilities. Moreover, the multitier architecture of an IoT ecosystem empowers it to add new devices seamlessly with existing cloud storage. Its hyper-converged infrastructure not only becomes a common point for data storage but also enables the virtualization of conventional hardware-oriented systems. The cloud storage empowers a business to explore the full potential of IoT systems and modify their operations with very few complications. For many years, companies invested in big data and edge systems to store data from their edge devices and machines to make quick and accurate decisions. These information pieces, when processed through enterprise systems like ERPs, CRMs, and other analytics-based software, develop more data in the form of trends and patterns.

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The cloud plays the role of communication facilitator with its powerful APIs for the IoT. And when we need to deal with data, an obvious question of data security and privacy comes into the picture. Hence, with cloud intervention, we can expect more preventive, corrective, and detective measures. With effective authentication and encryption protocols, the cloud enables users with strong security measures.

As infrastructure is off-site (typically provided by a third-party) and accessed via the Internet, users can connect from anywhere. Users can complete computing activities using services made available through the internet, thanks to cloud computing. Apache Flink is an open-source framework for state calculations on unlimited and limited data flows. Two types of processes are created during the runtime environment in Apache Flink. On the one hand, the Jobmanager implements 50 and 175 threads in Local and Global CEP, respectively, and is responsible for coordinating distributed execution, assignment of tasks, fault management, etc. On the other hand, the Taskmanager, configured with 512MB, is responsible for executing the tasks assigned by the Jobmanager on the data flow.

IoT provides businesses with real-time insights into everything from everyday operations to the performance of machines and logistics and supply chains. Over the years, IoT and cloud computing have contributed to implementing many application scenarios such as smart transportation, cities and communities, homes, the environment, and healthcare. Breaking it down, the internet of things meaning can be as simple as a person with a heart monitor implant or an automobile that has built-in sensors which alert the driver of imminent danger. Any object which is man-made or natural that can be designated an IP address and provided with the ability to transfer data over a network comes under the umbrella of IoT. IoT gathers immediate analytics data to support real-time decision-making.